28 Trade Marketing jobs in Saudi Arabia

We're Hiring: Trade Marketing Manager

Location:
Saudi Arabia

Company:
Elite Fancy Food Co

About Us:

At Elite Fancy Food Co, we specialize in premium functional products, snacks, and confectionery
, distributing top international brands across Saudi Arabia with our dedicated in-house network. We are passionate about
innovation, quality, and excellence
in every product we deliver.

Role Overview:

We are looking for an experienced Trade Marketing Manager
to lead our
B2B marketing initiatives
, drive brand visibility in retail channels, and support
sales growth
through strategic campaigns.

Key Responsibilities:

• Develop and execute
  trade marketing strategies
  for functional products, snacks, and confectionery.
• Plan and manage
  in-store promotions, displays, and activations
  .
• Collaborate with
  sales and brand teams
  to drive growth and engagement.
• Monitor market trends and provide insights to optimize campaigns.
• Manage
  marketing budgets
  and report on ROI.

Requirements:

• Bachelor's degree in Marketing, Business, or related field.
• 3–5+ years of experience in
  trade marketing
  (FMCG / Food & Beverage preferred).
• Strong understanding of
  B2B marketing, retail execution, and product activation
  .
• Excellent communication, analytical, and leadership skills.

What We Offer:

• Opportunity to work with
  leading global brands
  in Saudi Arabia.
• Dynamic, collaborative, and growth-oriented environment.
• Competitive compensation and career development opportunities.
• Skills in Market Planning, Business Planning, and Trade Marketing
• Strong Analytical Skills and Sales abilities
• Excellent communication and interpersonal skills
• Proven ability to manage multiple projects and meet deadlines
• Bachelor's degree in Marketing, Business Administration, or a related field
• Experience in the food and beverage industry is a plus
• Proficiency in Microsoft Office Suite and relevant marketing software

About the Job

About the role

Food People has partnered with a leading FMCG business that is seeking a highly driven Trade Marketing Manager to join their fast-growing business in Saudi Arabia. This strategic commercial role will be responsible for developing and executing the trade marketing strategy for the region, driving customer and distributor engagement, and ensuring excellence in execution across all channels.

Key Responsibilities

• Strategy & Planning: Develop and execute trade marketing strategies that align with overall brand and business objectives for Saudi Arabia.
• Commercial Execution: Partner with sales and marketing teams to translate regional plans into actionable in-market activities.
• Distributor Management: Work closely with the appointed distributor to ensure effective channel execution, promotions, and in-store visibility.
• Market Insights: Analyze category and customer data to identify growth opportunities and drive informed decision-making.
• Customer Engagement: Build and maintain strong relationships with key customers to enhance collaboration and commercial performance.
• Performance Tracking: Monitor KPIs, measure trade spend effectiveness, and ensure consistent ROI delivery.
• Cross-Functional Collaboration: Work closely with marketing, finance, and supply chain teams to ensure full alignment on strategy and execution.
• CSR & Community Initiatives: Support CSR activities that reinforce the company's values and strengthen brand equity in the local market.

Key Ingredients

• Bachelor's degree in Marketing, Business, or related field
• Minimum of 8 years' experience in Trade Marketing or Commercial Planning within FMCG
• Strong understanding of the Saudi market and distributor landscape
• Proven experience in developing and executing trade marketing plans across multiple channels
• Excellent analytical, communication, and stakeholder management skills
• Fluency in English; Arabic is an advantage

Please note that only candidates with relevant experience based on the above will be shortlisted and reached out to.

About The Role
On behalf of our client, a leading regional Food & Beverage company, we're hiring a "Trade Marketing Executive" to join their growing team in Jeddah.

Key Responsibilities

• Support the Trade Marketing team in executing marketing activities and promotions.
• Monitor sales data and prepare reports using Excel.
• Coordinate with the Sales and Marketing teams to ensure brand visibility across channels.
• Conduct basic market and competitor analysis to support trade initiatives.

Candidate Profile

• Fresh Graduate or up to 1 year of experience.
• Bachelor's degree in Business Administration, Marketing, or a related field.
• Excellent Excel skills are mandatory.
• Strong attention to detail and organizational skills.
• Available to join immediately.

Bayut is the number one property portal in the Kingdom, connecting millions of users across the country. We are committed to delivering the best online search experience. As part of Dubizzle Group, Bayut is alongside some of the strongest classifieds brands in the market. With a collective strength of 10 brands, we have more than 200 million monthly users that trust in our dedication to providing them with the best platform for their needs.

As the Trade Marketing Specialist, you will support the execution of comprehensive trade marketing strategies

in alignment with overarching business objectives. You will be required to efficiently manage the budget,

coordinate trade events, collaborate with sales teams, and foster strong relationships with key trade partners.

You will also be involved in planning and executing promotional campaigns, developing creative promotional

materials, and ensuring effective merchandising solutions.

Strategic Planning

● Support the development and implementation of comprehensive trade marketing strategies aligned

with overall business objectives;

● Collaborate with cross-functional teams to integrate trade marketing plans with sales, product

development, and branding initiatives;

● Collaborate with channel partners to implement joint marketing programs that enhance brand

presence and sales performance.

Market Analysis

● Conduct market research to identify industry trends, competitor activities, and consumer behaviour

within the trade channels;

● Use insights to recommend adjustments to marketing strategies and tactics.

● Work with sales teams to understand market dynamics & customer needs in specific trade channels;

● Provide training and support to sales representatives on trade-specific marketing initiatives.

Budget Management

● Assist in the development of the trade marketing budget, ensuring cost-effective allocation of

resources.

● Monitor and report on the ROI of trade marketing initiatives.

Trade Events and Promotional Campaigns

● Assist in planning and coordination of participation in trade shows, exhibitions, and industry events for

company representation to key stakeholders, and showcase products/services effectively.

● Assist in the planning and execution of promotional campaigns to boost product visibility and drive

sales within the trade channels through the development of creative and compelling promotional

materials, POS displays, and merchandising solutions.

Brand Visibility

● Ensure consistent brand messaging and visibility across all trade marketing activities.

● Collaborate with the marketing team to align trade marketing efforts with the overall brand strategy.

Performance Analysis

● Monitor and analyse the performance of trade marketing programs against set KPIs.

● Provide regular reports and insights to management for continuous improvement.

Qualifications

● BSc(Hons) degree in Marketing, Business, or a related field required.

Experience

● years of experience in Trade Marketing.

Knowledge

● Proficient in using marketing tools and technologies.

● Proficient with Microsoft Excel.

Skills

● Excellent communication and interpersonal skills.

● Ability to think critically and creatively;

● Strong numerical and analytical skills.

Traits

● Team-player.

● Result-oriented with a strategic mindset.

• High-performing and fast-paced work environment.
• Comprehensive Health Insurance
• Rewards and recognition
• Learning & Development

Bayut is an equal-opportunity employer. We celebrate diversity and are committed to creating an inclusive environment for all employees.

Bayut is the number one property portal in the Kingdom, connecting millions of users across the country. We are committed to delivering the best online search experience. As part of Dubizzle Group, Bayut is alongside some of the strongest classifieds brands in the market. With a collective strength of 10 brands, we have more than 200 million monthly users that trust in our dedication to providing them with the best platform for their needs.

As the Trade Marketing Specialist, you will support the execution of comprehensive trade marketing strategies

in alignment with overarching business objectives. You will be required to efficiently manage the budget,

coordinate trade events, collaborate with sales teams, and foster strong relationships with key trade partners.

You will also be involved in planning and executing promotional campaigns, developing creative promotional

materials, and ensuring effective merchandising solutions.

Strategic Planning

● Support the development and implementation of comprehensive trade marketing strategies aligned

with overall business objectives;

● Collaborate with cross-functional teams to integrate trade marketing plans with sales, product

development, and branding initiatives;

● Collaborate with channel partners to implement joint marketing programs that enhance brand

presence and sales performance.

Market Analysis

● Conduct market research to identify industry trends, competitor activities, and consumer behaviour

within the trade channels;

● Use insights to recommend adjustments to marketing strategies and tactics.

● Work with sales teams to understand market dynamics & customer needs in specific trade channels;

● Provide training and support to sales representatives on trade-specific marketing initiatives.

Budget Management

● Assist in the development of the trade marketing budget, ensuring cost-effective allocation of

resources.

● Monitor and report on the ROI of trade marketing initiatives.

Trade Events and Promotional Campaigns

● Assist in planning and coordination of participation in trade shows, exhibitions, and industry events for

company representation to key stakeholders, and showcase products/services effectively.

● Assist in the planning and execution of promotional campaigns to boost product visibility and drive

sales within the trade channels through the development of creative and compelling promotional

materials, POS displays, and merchandising solutions.

Brand Visibility

● Ensure consistent brand messaging and visibility across all trade marketing activities.

● Collaborate with the marketing team to align trade marketing efforts with the overall brand strategy.

Performance Analysis

● Monitor and analyse the performance of trade marketing programs against set KPIs.

● Provide regular reports and insights to management for continuous improvement.

Requirements

Qualifications

● BSc(Hons) degree in Marketing, Business, or a related field required.

Experience

● years of experience in Trade Marketing.

Knowledge

● Proficient in using marketing tools and technologies.

● Proficient with Microsoft Excel.

Skills

● Excellent communication and interpersonal skills.

● Ability to think critically and creatively;

● Strong numerical and analytical skills.

Traits

● Team-player.

● Result-oriented with a strategic mindset.

Benefits

• High-performing and fast-paced work environment
• Comprehensive Health Insurance
• Rewards and recognition
• Learning & Development

Bayut is an equal-opportunity employer. We celebrate diversity and are committed to creating an inclusive environment for all employees.

Trade Marketing Manager

Category: Sales

Location:Riyadh, Riyadh, SA

Join us as and play a pivotal role in shaping innovative marketing strategies that enhance the patient journey. This unique opportunity allows you to design and execute impactful campaigns that not only promote our products but also improve the lives of patients.

Your new role

As the Trade Marketing Manager, you will be responsible for leading the development and execution of digital, trade, and channel marketing focused on enhancing the patient journey. You will map the patient pathway to identify key leverage points and design partnership and engagement strategies that drive awareness, demand, and treatment initiation in alignment with Novo Nordisk's mission and brand goals.

Other Responsibilities will include:

• Build and maintain strong relationships with trade partners, negotiating programs to maximize brand visibility and sales.
• Develop and execute targeted marketing plans and trade promotions, including co-op programs and trade shows, to drive sales within the trade channel.
• Design and implement patient mobilization campaigns across channels, using patient journey insights.
• Monitor campaign performance, market trends, and partner execution to drive continuous improvement.
• Collaborate with internal stakeholders and partner accounts to support events, initiatives, and joint campaigns.
• Ensure full compliance with Novo Nordisk's business ethics, local laws, and global policies.

Your new department

You will join the Diabetes & Rare Disease Business Unit, reporting directly to the Cardiometabolic Marketing Director. The department is committed to enhancing the lives of patients by ensuring seamless treatment pathways through innovation, collaboration, and strategic marketing initiatives. Working closely with cross-functional teams and regional stakeholders, the department plays a vital role in shaping patient outcomes across the UAE and beyond. At Novo Nordisk, we are driven by purpose—and together, we are changing lives.

Your skills & qualifications

We are looking for a candidate who has:

• Bachelor's degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicine, Marketing, Business Administration, or a related field.
• A minimum of 10 years of experience in digital and/or channel marketing, preferably in healthcare or pharmaceuticals.
• Strong leadership and project management skills, with proven success in cross-functional settings.
• Solid analytical skills and strategic mindset to assess campaign impact and channel effectiveness.
• Excellent communication in English, both written and verbal.

As a person, you are strategic, collaborative, and solutions-driven. You combine creativity with analytical thinking and can communicate complex ideas clearly to stakeholders across all levels. You thrive in cross-functional environments and bring passion to patient engagement and brand impact.

Working at Novo Nordisk

Every day we seek the solutions that defeat serious chronic diseases. To do this, we approach our work with an unconventional spirit, a rare determination and a constant curiosity. For over 100 years this unordinary mindset has seen us build a company unlike any other. One where a collective passion for our purpose, mutual respect and a willingness to go beyond what we know delivers extraordinary results.

What we offer

There is, of course, more on offer here than the uniqueness of our culture and the extraordinary

results we produce. Being part of a global healthcare company means opportunities to learn and

develop are all around us, while our benefits are designed with your career and life stage in mind.

Deadline

21st of October 2025 (Applications are reviewed on an ongoing basis)

Novo Nordisk is currently in the process of adjusting job titles globally. Please note that the job title listed in this advertisement may be subject to change. More detailed information will be provided during the recruitment process.

Novo Nordisk is not your typical healthcare company. In a modern world of quick fixes, we focus on

solutions to defeat serious chronic diseases and promote long-term health. Our unordinary mindset is at the heart of everything we do. We seek out new ideas and put people first as we push the boundaries of science, make healthcare more accessible, and treat, prevent, and even cure diseases that affect millions of lives. Because it takes an unordinary approach to drive real, lasting change in health.

We commit to an inclusive recruitment process and equality of opportunity for all our job applicants.

We're not your typical healthcare company. In a modern world of quick fixes, we focus on solutions to defeat serious chronic diseases and promote long-term health. Our unordinary mindset is at the heart of everything we do. We seek out new ideas and put people first as we push the boundaries of science, make healthcare more accessible, and treat, prevent, and even cure diseases that affect millions of lives. Because it takes an unordinary approach to drive real, lasting change in health.

Join us as and play a pivotal role in shaping innovative marketing strategies that enhance the patient journey. This unique opportunity allows you to design and execute impactful campaigns that not only promote our products but also improve the lives of patients.

Your new role
As the Trade Marketing Manager, you will be responsible for leading the development and execution of digital, trade, and channel marketing focused on enhancing the patient journey. You will map the patient pathway to identify key leverage points and design partnership and engagement strategies that drive awareness, demand, and treatment initiation in alignment with Novo Nordisk's mission and brand goals.

Other Responsibilities will include:

• Build and maintain strong relationships with trade partners, negotiating programs to maximize brand visibility and sales.
• Develop and execute targeted marketing plans and trade promotions, including co-op programs and trade shows, to drive sales within the trade channel.
• Design and implement patient mobilization campaigns across channels, using patient journey insights.
• Monitor campaign performance, market trends, and partner execution to drive continuous improvement.
• Collaborate with internal stakeholders and partner accounts to support events, initiatives, and joint campaigns.
• Ensure full compliance with Novo Nordisk's business ethics, local laws, and global policies.

Your new department
You will join the Diabetes & Rare Disease Business Unit, reporting directly to the Cardiometabolic Marketing Director. The department is committed to enhancing the lives of patients by ensuring seamless treatment pathways through innovation, collaboration, and strategic marketing initiatives. Working closely with cross-functional teams and regional stakeholders, the department plays a vital role in shaping patient outcomes across the UAE and beyond. At Novo Nordisk, we are driven by purpose—and together, we are changing lives.

Your Skills & Qualifications
We are looking for a candidate who has:

• Bachelor's degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicine, Marketing, Business Administration, or a related field.
• A minimum of 10 years of experience in digital and/or channel marketing, preferably in healthcare or pharmaceuticals.
• Strong leadership and project management skills, with proven success in cross-functional settings.
• Solid analytical skills and strategic mindset to assess campaign impact and channel effectiveness.
• Excellent communication in English, both written and verbal.

As a person, you are strategic, collaborative, and solutions-driven. You combine creativity with analytical thinking and can communicate complex ideas clearly to stakeholders across all levels. You thrive in cross-functional environments and bring passion to patient engagement and brand impact.

Working at Novo Nordisk
Every day we seek the solutions that defeat serious chronic diseases. To do this, we approach our work with an unconventional spirit, a rare determination and a constant curiosity. For over 100 years this unordinary mindset has seen us build a company unlike any other. One where a collective passion for our purpose, mutual respect and a willingness to go beyond what we know delivers extraordinary results.

What We Offer
There is, of course, more on offer here than the uniqueness of our culture and the extraordinary

results we produce. Being part of a global healthcare company means opportunities to learn and

develop are all around us, while our benefits are designed with your career and life stage in mind.

Deadline
21st of October 2025 (Applications are reviewed on an ongoing basis)

Novo Nordisk is currently in the process of adjusting job titles globally. Please note that the job title listed in this advertisement may be subject to change. More detailed information will be provided during the recruitment process.

Novo Nordisk is not your typical healthcare company. In a modern world of quick fixes, we focus on

solutions to defeat serious chronic diseases and promote long-term health. Our unordinary mindset is at the heart of everything we do. We seek out new ideas and put people first as we push the boundaries of science, make healthcare more accessible, and treat, prevent, and even cure diseases that affect millions of lives. Because it takes an unordinary approach to drive real, lasting change in health.

We commit to an inclusive recruitment process and equality of opportunity for all our job applicants.

We're not your typical healthcare company. In a modern world of quick fixes, we focus on solutions to defeat serious chronic diseases and promote long-term health. Our unordinary mindset is at the heart of everything we do. We seek out new ideas and put people first as we push the boundaries of science, make healthcare more accessible, and treat, prevent, and even cure diseases that affect millions of lives. Because it takes an unordinary approach to drive real, lasting change in health.

You're not the person who will settle for just any role. Neither are we. Because we're out to create Better Care for a Better World, and that takes a certain kind of person and teams who care about making a difference. Here, you'll bring your professional expertise, talent, and drive to building and managing our portfolio of iconic, ground-breaking brands. In this role, you'll help us deliver better care for billions of people around the world. It starts with YOU.

This role offers an exciting opportunity to plan the execution of brand strategies and plans based on channel, customer & shopper knowledge to meet business objectives.

You will be responsible for building the pricing & promotion strategies, as well as the execution thereof.

In this role, you will:

• Implement Country / Channel / Customer Pricing and Promotion Policy to realize Brand Pricing Strategy
• Run pricing diagnostics and make recommendations to optimize pricing strategy
• Run periodic price pack architecture 'PPA' analysis to identify white pack spaces and recommended adjustments / extensions to unlock revenue growth
• Continuously assess competitive and promotional landscape; check and adjust pricing and promotion mechanics and guidelines to remain competitive
• Define, enable and monitor DPSM (distribution, Pricing, Shelving, Merchandizing) objectives and drivers by category and channel
• Analyze, monitor and report Retail Audit by Category & Channel; identify gaps and opportunities and drive insight to execution
• Maintain strong connection with external suppliers (Nielsen, Flyer Trackers, etc) to ensure data hygiene
• Develop and cascade annual category strategies / selling stories; Actively participate in annual customer / distributor JBPs (joint business plans)
• Develop and oversee execution of NPIs (new product introduction) GTM (go-to-market) Plan; Monitor and report NPIs performance through standard performance metrics
• Ownership of BTL (below-the-line_ A&P (advertising and promotion) budget; annual A&P planning by country, channel and key customer for core range and NPIs

About Us

Huggies. Kleenex. Cottonelle. Scott. Kotex. Poise. Depend. Kimberly-Clark Professional. You already know our legendary brands—and so does the rest of the world. In fact, millions of people use Kimberly-Clark products every day. We know these amazing Kimberly-Clark products wouldn't exist without talented professionals, like you.

At Kimberly-Clark, you'll be part of the best team committed to driving innovation, growth and impact. We're founded on more than 150 years of market leadership, and we're always looking for new and better ways to perform – so there's your open door of opportunity. It's all here for you at Kimberly-Clark.

Led by Purpose. Driven by You.

About You

You perform at the highest level possible, and you appreciate a performance culture fueled by authentic caring. You want to be part of a company actively dedicated to sustainability, inclusion, wellbeing, and career development.

You love what you do, especially when the work you do makes a difference. At Kimberly-Clark, we're constantly exploring new ideas on how, when, and where we can best achieve results. When you join our team, you'll experience Flex That Works: flexible (hybrid) work arrangements that empower you to have purposeful time in the office and partner with your leader to make flexibility work for both you and the business.

In one of our professional roles, you'll focus on winning with consumers and the market, while putting safety, mutual respect, and human dignity at the center. To succeed in this role, you will need the following qualifications:

JOB REQUIREMENTS:

• Bachelor's Degree – added advantage
• Minimum of 5 years of relevant working experience
• Highly Analytical – proven experience of data analytics with Advanced Excel and ability to share actionable insights with the Sales team
• Strong communication / presentation / persuasion Skills
• Business resilience & perseverance
• Strong multi-channel understanding
• Category management knowledge
• Project management skills
• Challenger mindset

Total Benefits

Here are just a few of the benefits you'd enjoy working in this role for Kimberly-Clark. For a complete overview, see

Great support for good health with medical, dental, and vision coverage options with no waiting periods or pre-existing condition restrictions. Access to an on-site fitness center, occupational health nurse, and allowances for high-quality safety equipment.

Flexible Savings and spending accounts to maximize health care options and stretch dollars when caring for yourself or dependents.

Diverse income protection insurance options to protect yourself and your family in case of illness, injury, or other unexpected events.

Additional programs and support to continue your education, adopt a child, relocate, or even find temporary childcare.

To Be Considered

Click the Apply button and complete the online application process. A member of our recruiting team will review your application and follow up if you seem like a great fit for this role.

In the meantime, please check out the careers website.

And finally, the fine print….

For Kimberly-Clark to grow and prosper, we must be an inclusive organization that applies the diverse experiences and passions of its team members to brands that make life better for people all around the world. We actively seek to build a workforce that reflects the experiences of our consumers. When you bring your original thinking to Kimberly-Clark, you fuel the continued success of our enterprise. We are a committed equal opportunity employer, and all qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability status, protected veteran status, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, pregnancy, genetic information, citizenship status, or any other characteristic protected by law.

The statements above are intended to describe the general nature and level of work performed by employees assigned to this classification. Statements are not intended to be construed as an exhaustive list of all duties, responsibilities and skills required for this position.

Employment is subject to verification of pre-screening tests, which may include drug screening, background check, and DMV check.

#LI-Hybrid

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ABOUT US

Anker Innovations is a multinational consumer electronics company. Our various consumer brands, including Anker, Nebula, eufy, and Soundcore, develop innovative products that are sold worldwide. Today we have over 4000 employees in Asia, Europe, the Middle East and the United States, and we are always looking for top talent to join our team.

ABOUT THIS ROLE

We are seeking a dynamic and experienced a Retail and Activations Marketing Manager to lead the planning, development, and implementation of marketing initiatives aimed at promoting products and services in retail environments and through live events or activations. The role requires a dynamic individual who can collaborate with sales teams, retail partners, and external vendors to create engaging in-store displays, promotional events, and experiential marketing campaigns that resonate with consumers and drive brand loyalty.

RESPONSIBILITIES

1. Strategic Planning:

• Develop and execute a comprehensive retail marketing strategy that aligns with the company's overall marketing objectives and sales targets.

• Analyze market trends, consumer behavior, and competitive landscape to identify opportunities for retail promotions and activations.

2. Campaign Management:

• Plan and manage marketing campaigns from concept to execution, including in-store promotions, product launches, seasonal campaigns, and special retail events.

• Collaborate with the creative team to develop visual merchandising, point-of-sale materials, and other in-store marketing collateral.

3. Event and Activation Execution:

• Organize and oversee activation events, such as product demonstrations, experiential marketing initiatives, and sponsorship activations.

• Coordinate with event planners, vendors, and retail partners to ensure successful event execution and compliance with brand standards.

4. Cross-Functional Collaboration:

• Work closely with sales, product, and merchandising teams to ensure marketing efforts are integrated and support sales objectives.

• Liaise with external agencies, suppliers, and retail partners to deliver high-quality marketing materials and experience.

5. Budget and Performance Tracking:

• Manage the retail and activations marketing budget, ensuring that all activities are cost-effective and deliver a strong return on investment.

• Monitor and report on the performance of retail marketing campaigns and activations, using data to drive decisions and improve future initiatives.

6. Retail Partner Relations:

• Build and maintain relationships with key retail partners, understanding their needs and ensuring that marketing activities align with their objectives.

• Negotiate and secure prime retail space and visibility for promotional activities.

QUALIFICATIONS & EXPERIENCE

• Bachelor's degree in Marketing, Business Administration, or a related field.
• Minimum 3-5 years experience in retail marketing, event management, or a similar role.
• Strong understanding of retail dynamics and customer experience.
• Excellent project management and organizational skills.
• Creative mindset with the ability to generate innovative marketing ideas.
• Exceptional communication and interpersonal skills.
• Ability to work under pressure and manage multiple projects simultaneously.
• Proficiency in marketing analytics and performance measurement tools.
• Experience with digital marketing strategies and social media engagement.
• Familiarity with visual merchandising and in-store display techniques.

WORK ENVIRONMENT

• Riyadh, KSA based role.
• Occasional travel for industry events or company meetings may be required.